{"id":579,"date":"2025-11-18T07:12:02","date_gmt":"2025-11-18T07:12:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\/blog\/?p=579"},"modified":"2025-11-18T07:12:03","modified_gmt":"2025-11-18T07:12:03","slug":"does-turmeric-really-whiten-teeth","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\/blog\/does-turmeric-really-whiten-teeth\/","title":{"rendered":"Does Turmeric Really Whiten Teeth?"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"906\" height=\"631\" src=\"https:\/\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/image.png\" alt=\"Bowl of ground turmeric\" class=\"wp-image-580\" style=\"width:339px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/image.png 906w, https:\/\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/image-300x209.png 300w, https:\/\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/image-768x535.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 906px) 100vw, 906px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Turmeric has exploded in popularity thanks to its anti-inflammatory properties and vibrant color\u2014but recently, it\u2019s gained attention for a surprising claim: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\/sinsational-teeth-whitening.html\">whitening your teeth<\/a>. Videos and blogs show people brushing with bright yellow powder and promising a whiter smile. But is this DIY trick actually safe or effective?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Before you mix up your own turmeric toothpaste, here\u2019s what you should know.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Why People Believe Turmeric Whitens Teeth<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Turmeric contains curcumin, a compound known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory abilities. Because of this, some believe it can reduce plaque, calm gum inflammation, and even lighten surface stains.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It\u2019s also viewed as a \u201ccleaner\u201d alternative to abrasive DIY methods like activated charcoal, making it feel like a safer option for at-home whitening.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>What the ADA Says<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Despite the hype, the American Dental Association has made it clear:<br><strong>There is <\/strong><em>no<\/em><strong> scientific evidence that turmeric whitens teeth or improves oral health.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>While turmeric may offer general wellness benefits, it simply hasn\u2019t been proven to lift stains or brighten enamel. In fact, the bright yellow pigment may cling to dental restorations like composite fillings or crowns\u2014definitely not the result you\u2019re looking for.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Potential Downsides of Turmeric Whitening<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Even though turmeric isn\u2019t as harsh as some DIY whitening ingredients, it\u2019s not completely risk-free. Here\u2019s what to keep in mind:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1. It May Stain Rather Than Whiten<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Turmeric can temporarily stain surfaces\u2014and in some cases, even teeth or dental work.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2. No Control Over Abrasiveness<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Depending on how finely it\u2019s ground, turmeric can become gritty. Too much abrasion can erode enamel, especially over time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3. It Doesn\u2019t Remove Deep Stains<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>True whitening involves lifting discoloration from beneath the enamel surface. Turmeric can\u2019t penetrate to this level.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>4. It Offers No Proven Oral Health Benefits<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Claims about reducing gingivitis or plaque aren\u2019t backed by high-quality research.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Why Professional Whitening Is the Better Choice<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>If you\u2019re looking for a brighter smile, professional whitening is the safest, most effective, and most predictable option. Your dentist uses solutions specifically designed to break apart deep stains while protecting your enamel and gums.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Plus, your dentist can tailor the treatment to your needs, tooth sensitivity, and goals\u2014something no DIY method can do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>A Bright Smile Starts With Trusted Care<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Turmeric may be amazing in your tea, smoothie, or dinner\u2014but it\u2019s not a reliable whitening solution. If you want a safe, noticeable transformation, your best bet is always to talk with your dentist about professional whitening options that deliver real, lasting results.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>About the Practice<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>To learn more about safe, effective teeth whitening options, visit the team at Green Hills Dental Center. Dr. Kirby specializes in providing expert teeth whitening for every smile. With advanced dental technology and a welcoming environment, we\u2019re here to help brighten your natural smile.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Call us at (615) 327-2123 or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\/contact-us.html\">request an appointment online<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Turmeric has exploded in popularity thanks to its anti-inflammatory properties and vibrant color\u2014but recently, it\u2019s gained attention for a surprising claim: whitening your teeth. Videos and blogs show people brushing with bright yellow powder and promising a whiter smile. But is this DIY trick actually safe or effective? Before you mix up your own turmeric [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-579","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Does Turmeric Really Whiten Teeth?<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Curious whether turmeric can whiten your teeth? Learn why this trending DIY remedy isn\u2019t backed by science and what dentists recommend instead.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\/blog\/does-turmeric-really-whiten-teeth\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Does Turmeric Really Whiten Teeth?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Curious whether turmeric can whiten your teeth? Learn why this trending DIY remedy isn\u2019t backed by science and what dentists recommend instead.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\/blog\/does-turmeric-really-whiten-teeth\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Green Hills Dental Center Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2025-11-18T07:12:02+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-11-18T07:12:03+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/image.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"906\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"631\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"drprather\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"drprather\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\\\/blog\\\/does-turmeric-really-whiten-teeth\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\\\/blog\\\/does-turmeric-really-whiten-teeth\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"drprather\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\\\/blog\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/e7fdbb148e1310c7fcae99308b1c52b7\"},\"headline\":\"Does Turmeric Really Whiten Teeth?\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-11-18T07:12:02+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-11-18T07:12:03+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\\\/blog\\\/does-turmeric-really-whiten-teeth\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":486,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\\\/blog\\\/does-turmeric-really-whiten-teeth\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\\\/blog\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/11\\\/image.png\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\\\/blog\\\/does-turmeric-really-whiten-teeth\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\\\/blog\\\/does-turmeric-really-whiten-teeth\\\/\",\"name\":\"Does Turmeric Really Whiten Teeth?\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\\\/blog\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\\\/blog\\\/does-turmeric-really-whiten-teeth\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\\\/blog\\\/does-turmeric-really-whiten-teeth\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\\\/blog\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/11\\\/image.png\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-11-18T07:12:02+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-11-18T07:12:03+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\\\/blog\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/e7fdbb148e1310c7fcae99308b1c52b7\"},\"description\":\"Curious whether turmeric can whiten your teeth? Learn why this trending DIY remedy isn\u2019t backed by science and what dentists recommend instead.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\\\/blog\\\/does-turmeric-really-whiten-teeth\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\\\/blog\\\/does-turmeric-really-whiten-teeth\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\\\/blog\\\/does-turmeric-really-whiten-teeth\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\\\/blog\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/11\\\/image.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\\\/blog\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/11\\\/image.png\",\"width\":906,\"height\":631},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\\\/blog\\\/does-turmeric-really-whiten-teeth\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\\\/blog\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Does Turmeric Really Whiten Teeth?\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\\\/blog\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\\\/blog\\\/\",\"name\":\"Green Hills Dental Center Blog\",\"description\":\"\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\\\/blog\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\\\/blog\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/e7fdbb148e1310c7fcae99308b1c52b7\",\"name\":\"drprather\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/b64d6e7e304cc0499ff821f0a17a1edca4923d1cd375a4aae0b37cc7e8fa116a?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/b64d6e7e304cc0499ff821f0a17a1edca4923d1cd375a4aae0b37cc7e8fa116a?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/b64d6e7e304cc0499ff821f0a17a1edca4923d1cd375a4aae0b37cc7e8fa116a?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"drprather\"},\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\\\/blog\\\/author\\\/drprather\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Does Turmeric Really Whiten Teeth?","description":"Curious whether turmeric can whiten your teeth? Learn why this trending DIY remedy isn\u2019t backed by science and what dentists recommend instead.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\/blog\/does-turmeric-really-whiten-teeth\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Does Turmeric Really Whiten Teeth?","og_description":"Curious whether turmeric can whiten your teeth? Learn why this trending DIY remedy isn\u2019t backed by science and what dentists recommend instead.","og_url":"https:\/\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\/blog\/does-turmeric-really-whiten-teeth\/","og_site_name":"Green Hills Dental Center Blog","article_published_time":"2025-11-18T07:12:02+00:00","article_modified_time":"2025-11-18T07:12:03+00:00","og_image":[{"width":906,"height":631,"url":"https:\/\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/image.png","type":"image\/png"}],"author":"drprather","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"drprather","Est. reading time":"3 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\/blog\/does-turmeric-really-whiten-teeth\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\/blog\/does-turmeric-really-whiten-teeth\/"},"author":{"name":"drprather","@id":"https:\/\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/e7fdbb148e1310c7fcae99308b1c52b7"},"headline":"Does Turmeric Really Whiten Teeth?","datePublished":"2025-11-18T07:12:02+00:00","dateModified":"2025-11-18T07:12:03+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\/blog\/does-turmeric-really-whiten-teeth\/"},"wordCount":486,"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\/blog\/does-turmeric-really-whiten-teeth\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/image.png","inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\/blog\/does-turmeric-really-whiten-teeth\/","url":"https:\/\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\/blog\/does-turmeric-really-whiten-teeth\/","name":"Does Turmeric Really Whiten Teeth?","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\/blog\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\/blog\/does-turmeric-really-whiten-teeth\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\/blog\/does-turmeric-really-whiten-teeth\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/image.png","datePublished":"2025-11-18T07:12:02+00:00","dateModified":"2025-11-18T07:12:03+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/e7fdbb148e1310c7fcae99308b1c52b7"},"description":"Curious whether turmeric can whiten your teeth? Learn why this trending DIY remedy isn\u2019t backed by science and what dentists recommend instead.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\/blog\/does-turmeric-really-whiten-teeth\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\/blog\/does-turmeric-really-whiten-teeth\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\/blog\/does-turmeric-really-whiten-teeth\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/image.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/image.png","width":906,"height":631},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\/blog\/does-turmeric-really-whiten-teeth\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\/blog\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Does Turmeric Really Whiten Teeth?"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\/blog\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\/blog\/","name":"Green Hills Dental Center Blog","description":"","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\/blog\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/e7fdbb148e1310c7fcae99308b1c52b7","name":"drprather","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/b64d6e7e304cc0499ff821f0a17a1edca4923d1cd375a4aae0b37cc7e8fa116a?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/b64d6e7e304cc0499ff821f0a17a1edca4923d1cd375a4aae0b37cc7e8fa116a?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/b64d6e7e304cc0499ff821f0a17a1edca4923d1cd375a4aae0b37cc7e8fa116a?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"drprather"},"url":"https:\/\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\/blog\/author\/drprather\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/579","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=579"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/579\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":581,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/579\/revisions\/581"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=579"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=579"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenhillsdentalcenter.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=579"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}